Fall Prevention Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fall Prevention - Research Paper Example This paper stresses that participation of more people, proper detailing of the evidence-based model and enhancing ongoing communications are the important steps in change management practice. These can increase the quality of service received by patients and family members. These steps can enhance the organizations’ working standards and provide optimum quality service that can reduce the chances of patient fall. Orientation tour along with fall prevention education helps to lower the chances of the risks involved in acute confusions. The author approves that the evidence-based model should be successfully applied by nurses because it can help in a variety of settings. The management should have long-term and short-term orientation plan. Continuity in the process of staff training on fall prevention and implementation of proper modules for orientation tour can definitely overcome the challenges of falls in the next 2-3 years on short-term basis. On long-term basis, the managem ent of hospital should try to expand the facility of care. This report makes a conclusion that it can be concluded that orientation tour with fall prevention education is essential for healthcare organizations. The increase of fall rate has also increased the expense of hospitals. The idea of educating patients and family members provides perfect outcome in reduction of fall rate through the implementation of Rosswurm & Larabee’s change model. Surveys opted by nurse and managers have tremendous effect on smooth running of the new evidence-based change model. Hence it can be said that orientation tour along with fall prevention education for family members and patients can lower the rate of falls of patients in long term care.

Rhino Poaching facts Essay Example for Free

Rhino Poaching facts Essay A total of 158 rhino have been poached since the beginning of the year. In the Kruger National Park, 116 rhino had been poached, the department of environmental affairs said in a statement. Thirteen were poached in North West, 12 in KwaZulu-Natal, nine in Mpumalanga and eight in Limpopo. Sixty-one people had been arrested: 38 of them alleged poachers and three alleged couriers, the department said. In the past week, two poachers were arrested in the KNP. Nine people had also been arrested at a game farm near Lephalale, in Limpopo, in connection with a rhino poaching incident on March 10. Over 630 rhino were killed by poachers in 2012. Rhino poaching debilitates the being of the rhinoceros. At present, the black rhinoceros is recorded as basically endangered, and the white rhinoceros is recorded as close endangered. Expanded levels of poaching are prodding the rhino closer and closer to eradication. Number of inhabitants in the dark rhino is presently bound at 4,840, while the white rhino is assessed to be near 20,000. Developing interest and costs for rhinoceros horn are driving poaching levels up. Different techniques are utilized to attempt and avoid rhino from falling prey to poachers yet the butcher and damaging of this jeopardized species proceeds unabated. The rhinos bear a certain measure of anxiety in the dehorning activity and once their horn has been evacuated, they no longer have that defense component. On the account of female rhinos, when they conceive a calf, they require the horn to encourage the baby rhino to its feet. The other hindrance of dehorning is that the horn develops back and the dehorning process must be rehashed on a general support all through the rhino’s lifetime. As a substitute for using cash on dehorning, we accept that the best and most financially savvy path to minimize the poaching and attempt to avoid the extinction of the species is to direct toxic substance to the horns. An agriculturist in South Africa finished this and he says the toxin, while savage to people, and has no impact on the rhino. This may appear to be an extraordinary measure yet the main route to counteract rhino poaching is to debilitate individuals from getting it and it would just need to be finished once to every rhino. Marks could be raised where rhinos are continued cautioning poachers that the horns are harmed. Warnings could additionally be issued through media fights worldwide and the saying might soon get around that utilization of rhino horn could demonstrate lethal The rhinoceros has an uncommon part inside its environment, and provided that it was to go terminated, different plants and creatures might endure. The rhino plays an exceptionally unique part because rhinos are mega-herbivores; they have an enormous effect on the environment. They smash ways through thick brush and woodland and clear a path for different creatures. Their waste enhances soil nourishment and structure, and holds seed that can sprout it claim instant heap of compost. They additionally burrow to make wallows; securing pools of water profiting different. Reference: http://www.environment.co.za/wildlife-endangered-species/rhino-poaching-in-south-africa.html, Published on: May 3, 2013 Impact of rhino poaching on the environment: 1. Rhino poaching often leaves baby rhinos to die or unborn rhino fetuses to never be born as it is often pregnant or nursing mothers who are poached. This affects the rhino population. 2. As large herbivores searching for more plants to eat, rhinos often charge through bushes and trees and make new paths for other animals so that they, too, can access food. Without the role of the rhino, animals have a harder time finding food. 3. The excrement of rhinos enriches the soil and its structure, ensuring that plants continue to grow in that area. Without their dung, soil fertility suffers. 4. Rhinos dig to creat esmall pools that collect water and help other animals like frogs and insects who use them to complete their life cycles. Without these wallows, other animal species suffer. 5. Rhinos are one of the animals that attracts tourists to the areas they live in. without the tourism dollars rhinos attract, conservation of the area is at risk.

Major Environmental Issues In Bhutan

Major Environmental Issues In Bhutan There are a lot of environment issues in Bhutan and the most detrimental issues among them are firewood collection, crop and flock protection, waste management and modern concerns such as industrial pollution, climate change that threatens Bhutans population and biodiversity. Land and Water use have also become a part of environmental concern in rural and urban areas.Air and noise pollution are also prevalent in urban centers. Land degradation, biodiversity and habitat loss, high fuel-wood consumption, and human-wildlife conflicts are some of Bhutans environmental challenges. The most affected ones are the poor people rather than politically empowered and richer ones. Environmental issues in Bhutan.(2012). In Wikipedia.Retrieved October 09,2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan In Bhutan, for bukharis(a steel oven), more than 10,184.22 cubic feet, i.e. 42 truckloads of firewood are burnt each day during the winter months in the Thimphu valley. On an average each household burns about 2.614 cubic feet of firewood every day. Thimphu ¿Ã‚ ½s annual consumption of firewood is approximately 916560 cubic feet. The burning of firewood causes high levels of pollution during winter mornings (National environment commission, NEC, 1999). The construction of traditional house mostly in rural areas done fully in wooden materials which requires a lot of wood requires more logging resulting in depletion of forests and degradation of forestland. Air pollution is an emerging issue in Bhutan resulting from increased urbanization and industrialization. Air pollution in cities is mainly caused by enormous number of vehicles. The vehicle population in the kingdom has grown by 14% in the last year, pushing the number from 14,206 to 16,335 with Thimphu and Phuntsholing having the largest number of vehicles (NEC,1999). In Thimphu, two-wheelers form about 45% of the total vehicles, while cars and jeeps account for about 35%, and buses, about 2% (MoP,1996).The increase in number of vehicles have led to more pollution which is harmful for the environment as well human health. According to (MOP,1996) Industrial activities in Bhutan have grown tremendously. The number of industries has gone up from 742 in 1990, to 4,394 in 1997.The small scale sector has grown 17 times during the same period. Mineral-based industries have grown faster in the last 20 years. The contribution of industrial sector to the GDP has gone up from 0.01% in 1982 to 3.2 % in 1992. Data relating to Cement industry states that, at present 4 cement plants are operating in Bhutan. Major pollutants namely particulate matter, fugitive emissions and gaseous pollutants are emitted from the operations of cement plants. In newspapers there are a lot of complaints by people relating to dust produced by the plants and the vehicles plying on it affecting the growth of their crops and their health. In Bhutan there are four chemical industries. These chemical industries produce calcium carbide, ferro silica, plaster of paris, rosin and turpentine and activated carbon. (TERI Shriram,1999)As a result, the disturbance to ambience and work zone emissions are the major problems. The principal pollutants are dust and particulate emissions. Various other gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide also emanate from the chemical industry. Mining industry is also popular in Bhutan as it is rich in minerals. The major minerals mined are limestone, gypsum, coal, quartzite and dolomite. Most of these minerals are mined for domestic consumption and some for commercial especially to nearby Indian states. The major problems due to these mining industries are management of overburden and drilling waste, reclamation and runoff from mined areas, which cause soil erosion and air pollution. The urban population in Bhutan is increasing at a rate of 6.7% annually, more than double the national population growth rate of 3.1% per year (National Statistic Bureau, NSB, 2006).This rapid increase has resulted in unplanned urban development, slums, increase in consumption patterns and higher demands related to transport, energy and other infrastructure leading to various pollution problems. Climate change in Bhutan is a ramification of air pollution. Climate plays a role in the transmission of many infectious disease and some of them are among the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.Deaths due to thermal stress; hypothermia and heat stroke, death/injury in floods, storms and drought and various diseases such as Diarrhoeal Diseases (Food and Water borne transmission), Influenza (Air-borne transmission), Dengue (Female Aedes mosquitoes), Meningococcal meningitis(Air borne transmission), Cholera(Food and Water borne transmission) affecting the human life are possible results of climate/weather change . Over the years, Bhutan has witnessed several Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF), flash floods and landslides that have washed away homes, paddy fields, damaged vital infrastructures and have resulted in deaths and these events could be related to climate or weather change Tshering and Sithey (1996) claims that Bursting of some lake in eastern Lunana, partial burst of lugge had destroyed part of punakha dzong, some lives dead, households affected, dry and pasture land washed, domestic animals washed away, reserved food grains lost, bridges washed away, temples and chortens destroyed and even caused health effects such as diseases related to safe drinking water, malnutrition, sanitation and hygiene. Flash floods and landslides are common during the monsoon period extending from May to August. It has caused about 100 hundred lives and damages worth in millions. Houses were either fully or partially damaged and wetland as well dry land washed away. Crops such as maize, paddy, oranges trees and potatoes were lost affecting the households. According to (National Environment Commission, NEC,2006) : Livestock rearing, especially of cattle, is a vital rural activity. The estimated cattle population of the country is more than 100,000 and the number is likely to increase along with human population. Grazing of this huge number, far beyond the carrying capacity, in forest areas, exerts a tremendous pressure on forestland with resultant degradation.  ¿Ã‚ ½Poaching in Bhutan is an environmental issue both within the kingdom and at its borders. Many species are poached for their alleged medicinal properties. Though protected within Bhutan, wildlife products including rhinoceros horn, tiger bones, musk and cordyceps command high prices outside the kingdom. ¿Ã‚ ½Although porous borders are blamed for trafficking in poached wildlife, some protected species such as cordyceps ¿Ã‚ ½have their own markets within Bhutan. Shifting cultivation is an age-old practice common to several parts of the country. With increases in population, more and more areas are being tapped for this practice. With the narrowing down of the fallow cycle due to paucity of arable lands, such practices do not allow a sufficient period for the natural processes of recuperation to repair the disturbed ecosystem resulting in erosion and fertility decline. (Ministry of Agriculture, MOA,1996), estimated a total area of 883 km2 under shifting cultivation in Bhutan. Thus, shifting cultivation is one of the significant contributing factors to forest degradation. However, the expansion of agriculture due to increases in population and the recent boom in horticulture is bringing more and more land for such use for which is not suitable. The situation is leading to encroachment into forest on one hand and degradation of land on the other. Ways to address the economic problems. The Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN): According to Phuentsho, N.(2009). It is Bhutans first and only private non profit organization with nation-wide operations. Since its foundation in 1987, the RSPN has promoted conservation, education, outreach, and sustainable development. In 2009, the RSPN reincorporated under the Civil Society Authority, and operates as a public benefit organization (PBO) under Bhutanese law. The RSPN is particularly active in protecting the Phobjika Valley (Wangdue Phodrang District), home to many endangered species such as the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis). This valley contains wildlife corridors connecting Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park with other protected areas of Bhutan, However most of the area is not under official government protection. To meet environmental needs, RSPN staff runs projects to promote sustainable ecotourism, alternative energy, and gender equity. The organization had even outfitted more than two hundred homes, monasteries, and other buildings with solar photovoltaic panels, and provided Bhutanese women with solar water heaters, one-pot hole mud stoves, rain barrels, and other assets that improve both human and environmental conditions. Agriculture practise To address environmental issues, the government of Bhutan has banned certain practices with varying success. ¿Ã‚ ½Tsheri ¿Ã‚ ½agriculture, especially prevalent among Sharchops and Lhotshampas is a practice by which land is cleared and farmed intensively until it becomes unproductive and is thereafter left fallow. Since it is particularly environmentally harmful, the practice has been banned by the government since 1969. Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remains heavily regulated under a network of foresters and road checkpoints. Ban on plastic bags Bhutan also prohibited plastic bags nationwide. The ban on plastic bags, however, has proven a daunting challenge in implementation and enforcement because of the practicality of lightweight airtight storage and a lack of feasible alternatives. The people are made to buy cotton bags and fines levied on those who undermine the norms. Five year plan Throughout Bhutan, dependence on firewood as a fuel source has been historically prevalent. Before hydroelectric power ¿Ã‚ ½and other modern energy sources became available, the source of fuel for heating, cooking, and lighting was nearly exclusively firewood. The provision of electricity, as well as better regulation of fuelwood collectors and more aggressive reforestation ¿Ã‚ ½projects was seen as a key factor in forest conservation. Because affordable electricity was not available throughout the country, the government established fuelwood plantations near villages to accommodate daily needs and to promote forest conservation. ¿Ã‚ ½Firewood harvesting and management remains one of Bhutans leading environmental challenges; the kingdom is one of the worlds leaders in firewood consumption.In order to make Bhutan self-sustaining and to improve its current ability to feed itself, a few prominent policy objectives that are being adopted during the Eighth Five Year. The Plans are as follows : Sustainable and balanced development of RNR for the enhancement of self-sufficiency and food security through an integrated systems approach within the national economy. Conservation of the unique natural and cultural heritage of the country and protection of the fragile mountain environment.To achieve the aforesaid policy objectives, the main strategies adopted are : Conceiving and implementing needs based research to increase production, conservation and efficient use of local resources. The role of the RNR research programme has been broadened to include input into policy development and monitoring technology to avoid inappropriate or harmful introduction and Enhancing the planning base for the sector and formulating an enabling regulatory framework. Wild life ¿Ã‚ ½ Protected wildlife had entered agricultural areas, trampling crops and killing livestock bringing huge losses to traditional farmers. The government has implemented an ¿Ã‚ ½insurance ¿Ã‚ ½scheme, began constructing solar powered ¿Ã‚ ½alarm fences, watch towers, search lights, and has provided fodder and salt licks ¿Ã‚ ½outside human settlement areas to encourage animals to stay away. ¿Ã‚ ½Bhutan has also sought assistance from the United Nations Development Programme in combating crop and livestock losses. Waste Disposal Memelakha waste disposal site in thimphu Bhutan In May 1993, Thimphu established a waste disposal site at Memelakha, developed by the Thimphu City Corporation (TCC) with assistance from the Danish government (DANIDA). It is currently the only landfill site in Bhutan. The site is situated about 12 km away from the city thereby eliminating any health hazards within the city area. TCC(Tashi commercial cooperation) is the sole agency responsible for the waste management within Thimphu municipality. Domestic waste is collected and managed by the respective city/municipal corporations,The waste management includes waste collection and disposal system without waste segregation at source. Other than informal waste pickers/scavengers and minor scrap dealers, no significant waste recycling plans were initiated. Whatever wastes that could be collected and transported by the waste pickers/dealers were traded across the border to India and Bangladesh. According to (Population and housing census of Bhutan, PHCB, 2005), Thimphu ¿Ã‚ ½s population was 79,185 and the daily waste collection was 36.7 tonnes for Thimphu . Daily, more than seven (7) trucks of waste is transported to the site according to the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) ¿Ã‚ ½s survey in 2005.Thimphu ¿Ã‚ ½began a subsidized pilot project for sorting between biodegradable and non-biodegradable refuse. Thimphu municipal authorities also addressed the ubiquitous plastic in its refuse with a shredder for pet bottles to facilitate transport to recycling in India. The residents are informed to keep separate bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Shop and house owners are compelled to place bins/containers alongside the shops n outside of houses in most dzongkhags and failing to do so are levied fines. Clean Bhutan project The ¿Ã‚ ½Clean Bhutan ¿Ã‚ ½project is a concerted effort of RSPN and various other relevant stakeholders using recommendations from the Solid Waste Management Policy Framework to bring about collaboration in addressing the urgent needs and identify measures to combat the increasing solid waste issues at individual, household, institution and community levels (Royal Society For Protection Of Nature [RSPN[, 2006). The campaign is subdivided into four components: ¿Ã‚ ½Launching with Awareness programs, Solidarity show, Development of Education and awareness material such as Posters, StickersNewspapers, Radio programs, TV programs an Integration into video/movie shows. Mobile advocacy visiting the dzongkhags ,Urban and rural areas. Physical Cleaning of the Nation through coordinated and public support clean up, research on alternative to garbage disposal facilities, suggesting alternatives to plastic bags, research dustbins and costing, management systems for urban and rural and the Organization would like to solicit support from members, individuals, communities and agencies in showing solidarity to the cause. The recent implementation of green tax of 20 percent for vehicles above 1,800cc and five percent below for the environment is a good cause which can be used for environment development. It will also help curb the problem of more imports of vehicle which can create a safe environment. Electric cars were axed out of taxes as it has no ill effects on the environment. The move of pedestrian day on june5th  ¿Ã‚ ½ world environment day on all Tuesdays from 8am to 6pm pushed by Five agencies namely: The National Environment commission Secretariat, Thimphu City Corporation, Road Safety and Transport Authority, Traffic Division and Bhutan Post to protect the environment, promoting human health and community interaction .All the people of Thimphu dzongkhag are compelled to walk or use bi-cycle and even electric cars allowed to ply in and around the city for schools, offices, for personal works. Police personals are stringent about the move and found at the junction of the city to implement the laws. General principles behind the national environment strategy of Bhutan National Environment Commission The national environment commission (NEC) is a high- level independent government organization of Bhutan and responsible to look after all the issues impacting the environment. Its high-level commission ensures it receive support from all other government bodies. The commission also studies the developmental impacts on the environment and aims to place control, norms and perks to the private/public sectors to achieve sustainable development through the judicious use of natural resources. The coordination of inter sectoral programmes, the implementation of policies and laws with regard to the environment is also another important mandate of the Commission. The NEC Secretariat plays a key role in promoting sound environmental policies and investments. This Secretariat is responsible for ensuring that the country follows a sustainable development path and that all projects be it public or private, take into consideration of the environmental aspects. The objective of the commission or its successive agencies is to implement the principles enshrined in this act. i.e. to Protect and promote a safe and healthy environment, Prevent ,control and decrease environmental harm and decrease pollution, Conserve and make sustainable use of resources, Through implementation of Environmental Assessment Act,2000, institutionalize the environmental assessment process as the main part of the development plans and to discuss and implement bilateral and multilateral environmental agreements. Introduction Bhutan ¿Ã‚ ½s age old tradition of living in harmony with nature supported by the decision of the parliament to maintain a minimum of sixty percent of country ¿Ã‚ ½s land under forest cover in perpetuity. Fourth king King Jigme Singye Wangchuk ¿Ã‚ ½s policy of  ¿Ã‚ ½Gross National Happiness ¿Ã‚ ½ which denotes sustainable development as an essential element. Bhutan ¿Ã‚ ½s homage for the international environment laws and agreeing to major international environment and sustainable development. Honour for the visionary aspirations of our beloved kings and to fore fathers for the passing of moral, cultural and ecological values to ensure sustainable socio-economic development. The National Environment Protection Act, 2007 It came into force on the 16th day of the 6th month of the Female Fire Pig Year of the Bhutanese calendar, corresponding to 31 July 2007 which extends to whole Bhutan.All other acts and policies governing the use of land, water, forest, minerals and other natural resources will be in agreement with this act. And provision of all existing laws relating to environment which disagrees with this act can no longer have any legal force. The purpose of this act. is to protect and conserve the environment by the National Environment Commission by implanting an effective system ,designation of competent authorities and constitution of other advisory committees, so as to independently regulate and promote sustainable development in an equitable manner. Environmental principles. The people and the government one after the other shall continue to strive to consider and adopt its developmental policies, plans and programs in harmony with the following environmental policies: The policy of fundamental right and duty states that every being has equal right to live in a safe and healthy environment but he even have to protect and promote the environment for the wellbeing of the country. The inter-generational equity says that it is the responsibility of the present generation to maintain and enhance the health, diversity and productivity of the environment for the well-being of future generations. The middle path strategy states that the natural resource such as air, water, biodiversity, soil, minerals, forest shall not be compromised for the economic development achieving the policy of sustainable development. According to Government ¿Ã‚ ½s Middle Path Strategy  ¿Ã‚ ½economic development and environmental conservation shall receive equal priority ¿Ã‚ ½. The precautionary principle compels any developmental activity taking place should be well planned and executed in harmony with the nature and must foresee its potential to overcome the damages. Any person using the natural resource from the environment or deriving economic benefits must ensure sustainable use and manage them well and their ecology. Making excuses at the time of environment damage to be managed later shall not be accepted. The principle or 3RsEach states that each and every activity shall be planned and made operational in ways causing the least possible change on the environment, with least jeopardy and minimize the consumption of raw materials and energy during construction, production, distribution and utilization at the best considering the principles of reduce, reuse and recycle and prevent or limit environmental impacts at first. The polluter pays principle obliges any person polluting the environment or causing harm to the ecology is liable to pay the cost for containment, avoidance, abatement, medical compensation, mitigation, remediation and restoration. The local government departments , institutions, persons, businesses and the organisation protecting the rules regarding environment must cooperate with each other. The uniformity of the system (environmental protection) shall be guaranteed by the government, state authorities, and the private sectors via appropriate policies, plans and Program such as environmental assessment processes, norms, incentives, fiscal policies and other instruments. The right to information policy allows every person the right to know about the state of the environment and all activities which are intended to do that could have adverse effects on the environment. The access to justice allows person to seek legal redress for any harm or that could cause negative effect to a person ¿Ã‚ ½s right of a safe and healthy environment. The sovereign rights principle states that the state has power over renewable and non-renewable natural resources within the limits of its national jurisdiction. The principle of payments for environment services states any person using or extracting natural resources shall be liable to pay for ecosystem m/environmental services. Examples of successes in protecting environment in Bhutan The implementation of pedestrian day on june5th (world environment day) on all Tuesdays from 8am to 6pm in the recent years to protect the environment by reducing pollution, promoting human health and community interaction have come up as a big success. The move was appreciated by many other dzongkhags and some evenhad implemented it albeit showdowns by many peoples. Implementation of green tax encourages people to buy environment friendly or electric cars as no taxes are levied on those because of no pollution being produced. It reduces the demand for motor vehicles due to high cost which eventually reduces environmental pollution. According to chophel, k. (2012) the NEC is being stringent by full time monitoring whether mining quarries are complying with the rules and by implementing corrective measures. They are also going to train private miners for better knowledge regarding mining that would cause less environmental damages. The RSPN protecting the Phobjika Valley (Wangdue Phodrang District), home to many endangered species such as the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) have led to increase in the number of such species that makes the country looks unique and aesthetic. The Memelakha waste disposal site in Thimphu has proved to be best method of waste management within Thimphu municipality and because of the success , the authorities have identified a landfill site in Phuntsholing similar to that in Thimphu and it is expected that this site will get developed shortly. Government has also identified landfill sites for 10 other urban centres. The process of logging which was detrimental to the environment is no longer prevalent. The government laws that penalize the offender helps maintain the forest cover. Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remains heavily regulated under a network of foresters and road checkpoints. The government of Bhutan that had banned certain agriculture practices regarding to Tsheri ¿Ã‚ ½agriculture which is especially prevalent among Sharchops and Lhotshampas since 1969 has reduced the impact on environment and is such practices are rare to find in this modern times. The Clean Bhutan project of RSPN and various other relevant stakeholders to bring about collaboration in addressing the urgent needs and identify measures to combat the increasing solid waste issues at individual, household, institution and community levels has been a success. Most of the times it ¿Ã‚ ½s given in Bhutanese news papers and Bhutan Board Casting Service (BBS) that many people are lending their leisure time in helping collecting bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste in and around city, at scared sites and prime places. The new policy of making the country clean and green in which every house owner and shopkeepers compelled to keep a waste/trash bin outside the house/shop and even cleaning the surroundings have come up as big success. Peoples failing to provide bins and found with dirty surroundings were levied fined by the respective authorities. Shortcomings in environment protection Four years ago, the country had initiated a measure with the intriguing acronym HEHE Helping our environment, health and economy ¿Ã‚ ½to be implemented in Sarpang. The move failed to sustain, and died after a few months. The increase in the number of vehicles has enormous effect on the ecology. The level of pollution emitted by those vehicles is tremendous and detrimental to not only to ecology but to the living beings. Albeit knowing the harmful effects of over-utilization of the natural environment , Human beings prefer development prime. They promote deforestation and construction of roads through the jungles to live a comfortable and easy life(easy transport of crops and vegetables). Bhutan being a developing country with most of its people illiterate unaware of consequences throw non-degradable waste such as papers, plastics and bottles in rivers, surroundings at ease that harms environment. In some parts of the country, people have to walk for 10 kilometres or more to fetch water because their water sources have dried up and some have access to water based on timings which keeps people disgruntled. The reasons they cite for water shortages are: More people than they used to have before i.e. overpopulation leading to environment problems and Landslides causing blockages and breakages. According to Chophel, k. (2012) lack of qualified manpower(professional miners),inspectors and operators in mining field is causing more devastation to environment and peoples complain of dust emissions from the factories and the gargantuan trucks plying on the road emitting lots of dust not only affects the environment but also the human health and growth of crops. References used for the assignment Jarbie (2012) ,In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan Tshewang,D. (2010,march25).Japan ¿Ã‚ ½s qsp implementation report . Retrieved from http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/saicm/forum/100325/mat03-1.pdf National Environment Commision(n.d.).Principles of applicable to environmental protection. Retrieved from http://www.nec.gov.bt/legislation/NEPA%20_ENG.pdf Yeshey,P. (n.d.). MEMELAKHA WASTE DISPOSAL SITE IN THIMPHU, BHUTAN. Retrived from http://www.3rkh.net/3rkh/files/03%20MEMELAKHA%20WASTE%20DISPOSAL%20SITE,%20THIMPHU,%20BHUTAN.pdf Food And Ariculture Organization Of The United States (n.d.). Principles of applicable to environmental pritection. Retrieved from http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bhu78334E.pdf Gyeltshen,N. ( 2012, September 12). Green tax slashed to 20%.Retrieved from http://www.kuenselonline.com/2011/?p=33101, Batra,A. (June6,2012). Central Thimpu becomes pedestrian zone on World Environment Day. Retrieved from http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/tuesdays-are-pedestrians-day-out-bhutan

Conditional and Iterative Data Types :: Essays Papers

Conditional and Iterative Data Types Conditional and Iterative A programming language cannot be a programming language with out its conditional and iterative structures. Programming languages are built to accomplish the task of controlling computer input and output. A programmer must use every tool available to complete his/her given tasks, and conditional as well as iterative statements are the most basic items of programming which must be mastered. Many different programming languages can demonstrate conditional and iterative statements including C++, Java, Pascal, Qbasic, COBOL, and Scheme. Most of these languages implement conditional and iterative statements in a similar fashion; however, there are a few differences. The conditional structure is easy to understand and self-defining. The whole statement is base on a condition and its veracity. When the statement or "test" is found to be true, a statement is executed, and if it is false, another test is given or the program continues to the next block. Conditional structures include the simple, two-alternative, multi-alternative, and non-deterministic conditional. The simple conditional is the easiest to understand being the IF-THEN statement. if *Boolean expression* then *block of statements* IF a condition is met THEN execute a statement. The two-alternative conditional or IF-ELSE is also easy to understand. if *Boolean expression* then *block of statements* else *block of statements* IF a condition is met execute a statement; ELSE the condition was not met so execute a different statement. The multi-alternative conditional is very close to the two-alternative conditional. if *condition-1* then *statement-block-1* elseif *condition-2* then *statement-block-2* †¦ elseif *condition-n* then *statement-block-n* [else *statement-block-(n+1)*] end if The IF question is asked about a statement, and if it is not true, the next statement is examined. If statement number two is not true, the next statement is examined; then the next statement is examined and so forth until a condition is met, and the control is carried out of the multi-alternative conditional. The non-deterministic conditional is similar to the multi-alternative conditional, because it has multiple conditionals. if *condition-1*  *statement-sequence-1* when *condition-2*  *statement-sequence-2* †¦ when *condition-n*  *statement-sequence-n* end if The reason multi-alternative and non-deterministic conditionals are different, stems from the release of program's control or flow. The non-deterministic conditional tests each statement to see if its condition is met; whereas the multi-alternative conditional only tests statements until one of the conditions is met. After one of the conditions is met, the multi-alternative conditional releases the program control and fails to check anymore statements.

Accept and Parents Essay

Explain what is meant by partnership model of working with careers: A partnership model works around the theory of collaboration, coming together with understanding and effectives ways of communicating. It’s a way that helps to recognise how the very best outcomes can happen for children when their care, development and learning provision ie. a setting, a home, individuals and groups/family all work cooperatively. Give one example and then evaluate how your work in the setting reflects the need to work in partnership with parents or careers Cypop 1:5. Learning journeys are given to parents every six weeks, it gives the parents an in-depth account of the child’s, work, activity’s, development stage and interests, it shows pictures and examples of work. This reflects the partnership with parents. What reasons might parents and carers have for not working in partnership with the early years setting: There could be a range of reasons why parents and carers have for not working in partnership with the early years setting such as; fear of communicating, a lack of time due to a job, personal reason e.g. bereavement or divorce, knowing the teacher outside of school. How might these barriers to participate be overcome: These barriers could be overcome by positive communication- a parent to teacher conference, gain there confidence and trust by spending time with them, make time for working parents, time that suits them- home visits, meet their additional needs. Some parents may react negatively to partnership opportunities. W hat strategies could you use to encourage and support them In this area? It’s important to understand that not all parents wish to take part with working in partnership and some parents may react in a negative manner but by not putting any pressure on them it may result in them having a more positive attitude. Some carers may find it difficult to accept their child needs assessments to identify possible learning difficulties this can be helped with being sensitive and listening to any concerns the parent may have and offering lots of support and information and give plenty of time for discussions, explain that they will be informed about any changes and that their child will not be singled out. If parents/carers are still not happy get SENCO to offer advice and also the head teacher to offer support to the parents and staff. Parents tend to accept it more if it’s about their child’s learning but find it more difficult to accept if it’s about their child’s behaviour. It’s important to listen to what the carers and the child are saying and trying your best to explain it’s in the best interest of the child giving lots of advice and answering any questions they may. Explain that by getting outside agencies in they too can give advice to staff and parents in the best ways to deal with the situation in order for their child to reach their full potential, and hold meetings in school if its more convenient for the parents/carers. Some parents or careers are very keen to take advantage of partnership opportunities how could you ensure that they remain positive about this? Don’t turn people away: try to accommodate what’s being offered. If it seems difficult work out what your restrictions are, the benefits of the offer and how a solution can be organised. Type of events ; requesting input: how do you know what parents want to be involved with? eg. their child/ren’s development, health, well-being, fundraising, resource suggestion, skill provision, learning activities. Methods of contact: do you overcome communication barriers and fit means of contact to suit a parent/carer: email, txt, large print, audio, send newsletters, post events on a website, have access to resources written/signed for additional language needs. Request feedback: how do you engage thoughts and feelings on things about to happen, that have happened, plans for the future. Explain the primary importance of carers in the lives of babies and young children Cypop1:5,1-They know their child the best, they know their likes and dislikes as well as their needs. They see them at night time and evening. Parents are the nurturers and should love and care for their children

Top 5 Jobs for Great Work-Life Balance

Top 5 Jobs for Great Work-Life Balance ever wondered how some people make it work? how you could manage to maintain a satisfying career, pay the bills, but still have time to travel or have a family life? sometimes it’s best to think outside of the box a bit and look to a few jobs you might not expect would fit the bill. forbes recently featured 25 jobs that could give you the best of both worlds, and still pay enough to keep you where you want to be. here are our top 5.1. web designerhave an eye for good design? a mind for technology? a self-managing style? consider a career in web design. a bit of training and talent can net you an average of $53k per year with tons of flexibility. you could work from anywhere!2. software developerthis ones is another step in the web direction, if you’re good at that sort of thing. software developers usually have flexible hours and locations, and can make up to $80k per year.3. client managerprefer the structure of working for a company, rather than on your own? still wan t a bit more flexibility? client managing can win you over $71k per year and will still leave you time to make lunches for your kids.4. substitute teacherhave teaching skills, but don’t want to be tied down to a full scholastic year? have a bit of money saved to work on starting your own business? or just don’t need to pull in all that much? substitute teaching can be a great way to keep yourself working- as much or as little as you want- without long-term commitment, and can earn you almost $25k a year.5. social media managerthis gig let’s you be involved in a company without having to stay late and come early to keep it running; you act as  that company’s mouthpiece instead! social media managing can be a low-stress, often enjoyable way to go to work every day. and at an average of $40k a year, the salary isn’t half bad either.see more here:  best 25 jobs for work life balance

Booker T Washington essays

Booker T Washington essays Booker T. Washington was a great influence for the black community. The efforts this man put to become such a wonderful leader were incredible. Booker T. Washington was a man that started up from scratch. He grew up as a Black slave, who did not have much choices in life. He was born in Virginia in 1856, and he had a white father and a black mother. After the Emancipation Proclamation he went to work in a coal mine, while still a child. When Booker was seventeen he went of to Hampton Institute, he worked there as a janitor. He then became a student there. Following all the hard work Booker T. Washington has put in his life he became a very famous Booker T. Washington became a very famous speaker he had been invited to eat dinner in the White House with President Theodore Roosevelt. Slowly Booker began to get the respect he deserved. Booker preached that Blacks should accept that they were inferior to whites, he told them that we have to prove to them that we are socially capable of taking care of ourselves. He said the way we do this is make successful businesses we get educated and get into politics. For these beliefs that Booker believed in is why he was called "The Great Compromiser." Many white ex-slave owners began to respect Bookers notions. Not only was he becoming acknowledged by the Blacks but now also by the whites. Booker T. Washington was being secretly funded by great industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. The love approached racism in a nonthreatening way. The only thing that was a problem to him is not all people liked his belief. WEB Du Bois did not like Booker T. Washington's statements. He believed that gave the Ok to continue with racial segregation. I believe that Booker T Washington was a great leader for the Black community. His intentions were for the better of this country. His belief ...

Home Alone Quotes

Home Alone Quotes In the 1990 movie Home Alone, 8-year-old Kevin McCallister is accidentally left behind (via a series of unlikely events) while the rest of his family is on vacation in Europe for the Christmas holidays. Kevin believes the situation is due to his wish that his family would disappear, so (for some reason) does not seem alarmed, and doesnt contact the authorities. Unfortunately for Kevin, two bumbling robbers (played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern) are casing the neighborhood looking for homes whose occupants are away on vacation. They settle on Kevins house, but he prepares a series of booby traps to keep them from entering. Eventually, Kevins family returns and the bad guys get caught. The movie was a huge box-office success  and launched the acting career of child star Macauley Culkin, who played Kevin. It spawned four sequels, each increasingly more far-fetched (this family cant possibly abandon their child so frequently, after all).   Quotes From Home Alone Kevin: When I grow up and get married Im living alone! Did you hear me? Im living alone! Im living alone! Im living alone! Kevin: I made my family disappear. I made my family disappear! Kevin: Bless this highly nutritious microwavable macaroni and cheese dinner and the people who sold it on sale. Amen. Kevin: This is my house, I have to defend it. Kevin: Hey, Im not afraid anymore! I said Im not afraid anymore! Do you hear me? Im not afraid anymore! Kevin: You guys give up yet? Or are you thirsty for more? Kevin: Down here, you idiots! Come and get me before I call the police! Kevin: Will you please tell Santa that instead of presents this year, I just want my family back. Harry (first burglar): Merry Christmas, little fella! We know that youre in there and that youre all alone. Harry: You bomb me with one more can, kid, and Ill snap off your cajones and boil them in motor oil! Harry: Its too late for you, kid; were already in the house. Were gonna get ya! Marv (second burglar): Yeah, come on, kid, open up. Its Santa Claus... and his elf! Marv: Hes a kid. Kids are stupid. I know I was. Marley (Kevins elderly neighbor): You live down the street from me, right? You know anytime you see me you can always say hello, you dont have to be afraid. A lot of stuff has been said about me... none of its true. Kevin: No offense, arent you too old to be afraid?Marley: You can be too old for a lot of things, but youre never too old to be afraid. Kate McCallister (Kevins mother): This is Christmas, the season of perpetual hope. And I dont care if I have to get out on your runway and hitchhike. If it costs me everything I own, if I have to sell my soul to the devil himself, I am going to get home to my son. Kate McCallister: How could we do this? We forgot him.Peter McCallister (Kevins father): We didnt forget him, we just miscounted.Kate: What kind of a mother am I?Frank: If it makes you feel any better, I forgot my reading glasses.

English skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English skills - Essay Example udying abroad, a lot of students are able to develop optimistic attitudes to other countries, as they are able to interact with other persons, and appreciate their way of living through research. An exposure to international experience is useful as it allows for international understanding. Crossman and Clarke (2009) say that working or studying abroad allows individuals have knowledge and awareness on the issues that relate to national and global issues. The benefit of global experience is in this case, one that allows individuals become accustomed, solve and expand their cultural scope of analysing issues. Through working and studying abroad, it is palpable that intercultural competence will be attained. Crossman and Clarke (2009) are of the opinion that having a touch with the international world allows for intercultural know-how. This competence relates to an ability to communicate well in various cultural contexts, as opposed to the usual native or indigenous context. Through the international curriculums set for the training institutions require an application of a singular language for all the various participants from the different contexts (Crossman and Clarke, 2009). Comprehensive learning is then achieved, as the diverse persons are able to comprehend the need of being a people as opposed to one cultural community. However, it is vital to note that attaining global competence is not only focused on the physical presence in countries in the abroad countries, but through other means like developing contacts with other individuals in these countries (Crossman and Clarke, 2009). With peer to peer education successful in numerous instances, Crossman and Clarke (2009) would not be wrong to argue that studying and working abroad allows for international patriotism, especially with individuals being more open minded with issues touching on international significance. Conclusively, it is warranted to say that working and studying abroad have a myriad of

Models for EBP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models for EBP - Essay Example According to Hulme (2008), the validation process helps in the determination of the credibility of the information obtained from any research carried out. The most essential requirement prior to the development of Stetler model is the compliance to the pre-set rules and regulations governing the organization. This is because these standards boost quality in service delivery and discipline in the sector. In addition, this compliance creates confidence of the stakeholders, in the organization fraternity because of the quality of service in the organization and the involvement of the organization in the assessment of the compliance of the sector to the set standards. Organizations undergo programs tailored at offering proper training in order to have delivery of quality service. Therefore, these programs include the master plan of evaluation in the training. This is because this plan acquaints organizations with the necessary information regarding a firm’s goals. For, instance, it highlights the areas of the faculty that need evaluation. This includes methods to be employed in the evaluation. The kinds of people to participate in the process are anchored in the plan. The action plans required to give feedback on the various inferences made with regard to boosting the quality in organizational service delivery. In addition, the Stetler model helps in the assessment of the proposal for funds for various projects, and it also helps in the submissions of research reports and the normal assessment reports. The evaluation is important in the total quality management, the benchmarking, the restructuring and the continuous improvement of the quality of the master plan of organizational performance (Hulme, 2008). It acts as a source of primary data for internal reviewing of the efficiency of an organization. This is aimed at boosting quality in delivery of service and prompt response to non-value adding roles. This evaluation is necessary in the benchmarking

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example 1. Most Important Marketing Component A proper and complete Marketing plan consists of all the components as they complement each other and together have a direct impact on the product’s performance in the market. Amongst every component, Promotion can be considered as the most important component of the marketing mix as it actually drives the consumers’ purchase decisions as put by Kyambalesa, (2000) in his book  Marketing in the 21st Century: Concepts, Challenges, and Imperatives. Promotions are the only way through which the consumers can be made aware of any brand and the values which it promises to deliver. By using a full 3600 advertising campaign with strong brand activation campaigns, a company can ensure that the customers are fully aware of the offering which will directly result into sales and revenue for the company (Egan, 2007). 2. Component of Marketing Plan: Importance of Implementation and Controls As explained by Egan, (2007) in his book  Marketing communications, promotional campaigns are the strongest mode of communication between a marketer and the consumer. A strong promotional campaign is of no value to the company and the brand is it is not accurately and effectively implemented.

Risk adjusted discount rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk adjusted discount rate - Essay Example When considering a business investment of large sums of money within a long term project, it is an important objective to ensure that the money received over the life of the project is higher that the initial cost of investment. In deciding on the investment to undertake time is the most essential factor, followed by the amount of cash going in and out of the business. In some cases, an investment is made not to generate more cash but to make a saving on present cost. (Tony D. and Brian P. 2002, pg 458).The lay out of investments usually involve the injection of large sums of money and returns on the investment are received in a series of small amounts over an extended period of time. In addition, because large sums of money are usually involved it can be very expensive and catastrophic to pull out. Considering the loss of production and investment that can be lost from a failed investment, it is essential that investment proposals are properly screened and examined to ensure that the business uses the appropriate appraisal method. Businesses need finance or funds, both in the short-term and long-term to expand, operate their business or just survive. The business is involved in a continuous in and out flow of money by way of income and expenditure. Expenditure can either be capital expenditure, which is the payment made to acquire additional fixed assets and these fixed assets can in turn be loans made by the business or shares in another business bought by the company, as well as buildings and machinery which are usually long term. On the other hand, income can be revenue expenditures which relates to the purchase of goods and services are in use or have already been used in daily running of the business. In financing an investment a company can either use internal or external source of finance, related to the period repayment. Internal sources of finance as a long term approach are retaining profits from previous investment rather than issuing out new shares and re-investing the profit. The short term source of finance can be to increase level of creditors and reducing the stock and debtor levels. External sources of finance in the short-tem funding are short-term debts which are elements of overdrafts, loans, leases that are payable within one year and invoice discounting. Other sources of external finance are long-term which include ordinary shares or equity shares, preference shares, debentures and leases. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL ANALYSIS Capital investment appraisal methods are divided into two: firstly, those which do not take into account the time value of money and lastly, those which take into account the time value of money. METHODS WHICH DO NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) ARR is concerned with either the profit before interest and ta

Nitrates tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nitrates tolerance - Essay Example While long-term nitrate tolerance treatment induces the body to intrinsic vascular changes, nitrate tolerance treatment overly rely on nitro-vasodilator responsiveness (vascular tolerance). Vascular tolerance is always caused by an increased vascular superoxide production. The vascular superoxide production ultimately relies on unbalanced oxidation to the vascular cells. Additionally, super sensitivity to vasoconstrictor secondary to tonic protein kinase activation may result to nitrates tolerance (Antman & Sabatine, 2012, p. 11). For effective and efficient nitrate toleration clinically, C.NADPH oxidase(s) inclusive of various uncoupled endothelial nitric oxides synthase have been researched on. These oxidant elements have thus been proposed to be some of the richer superoxide sources for nitrate tolerance (Arcangelo & Petterson, 2005, p.134). Vascular NO and superoxide simultaneously form a rapid peroxy-nitrite. Put differently, both super oxide and vascular NO concomitantly aggravates tolerance by promoting NO synthesis. NO synthase uncouple in bonding and inhibit the solubility of both prostacyclin synthase and guanylyl cyclase (Faassen & Vanin, 2007, p.145). Nitrate tolerance has overly gone overboard clinically. This is because tablets designing formula must considerably look into nitrate tolerance in order to come up with effective and efficient tablets formulas (â€Å"Radicals for life the various forms of nitric oxide† 2008, p.133). The oxidative stress concept in nitrate tolerance may purportedly explain the reason as to why radical substances and scavengers have the relief ability to tolerance and endothelial dysfunction (Golan & Tashjian, 2012, p.156). Recent pharmacology research works have defined a newly initiated nitrate tolerance mechanism. This definition is the ability to inhibit mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is the enzyme that ensures the completion of

Two Questions 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Questions 3 - Essay Example Because of his inability to exert proper cost control, Lopez was relieved of his responsibilities in 2008, and Gabriella Garcia became head of Consumer Products Research. Garcia vowed to improve the performance of CPR and scaled back CPR’s development activities to obtain favorable financial performance reports. In terms of profit, Garcia did a better job than Lopez as a result of scaling back the project development. When profits are low and management is looking to cut costs, spending significant amounts of money on research and development is not the appropriate tactic. R&D is expensive and, as the timeline of two years from project initiation to implementation under Lopez demonstrates, there is no return on investment reflected in the financial statements until well after the products are brought to market. During times of low profit margins, development has to be scaled along with cost initiatives to keep management and investors satisfied. Even though Lopez developed good ideas, his efforts at cost control failed because there was no actual cost cutting and no immediate impact on revenues. While it could be argued that, given enough time, Lopez’s management would have yielded greater profits at lower costs. Management’s focus on profitability, however, precluded the comp any’s ability to focus on R&D to the extent that Lopez intended. Garcia, however, reduced—but did not eliminate—development while simultaneously focusing on cutting the costs related to current market offerings. This had an immediate impact on the company’s profitability and management was no-doubt pleased with the results. The issue here was time. It does take time to develop innovative products and bring them to market. This effort, however, cannot be the sole focus unless the company is currently in a strong financial position and can absorb the R&D costs until the new products are in place. Simply stated, the company could not afford

Risk adjusted discount rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk adjusted discount rate - Essay Example When considering a business investment of large sums of money within a long term project, it is an important objective to ensure that the money received over the life of the project is higher that the initial cost of investment. In deciding on the investment to undertake time is the most essential factor, followed by the amount of cash going in and out of the business. In some cases, an investment is made not to generate more cash but to make a saving on present cost. (Tony D. and Brian P. 2002, pg 458).The lay out of investments usually involve the injection of large sums of money and returns on the investment are received in a series of small amounts over an extended period of time. In addition, because large sums of money are usually involved it can be very expensive and catastrophic to pull out. Considering the loss of production and investment that can be lost from a failed investment, it is essential that investment proposals are properly screened and examined to ensure that the business uses the appropriate appraisal method. Businesses need finance or funds, both in the short-term and long-term to expand, operate their business or just survive. The business is involved in a continuous in and out flow of money by way of income and expenditure. Expenditure can either be capital expenditure, which is the payment made to acquire additional fixed assets and these fixed assets can in turn be loans made by the business or shares in another business bought by the company, as well as buildings and machinery which are usually long term. On the other hand, income can be revenue expenditures which relates to the purchase of goods and services are in use or have already been used in daily running of the business. In financing an investment a company can either use internal or external source of finance, related to the period repayment. Internal sources of finance as a long term approach are retaining profits from previous investment rather than issuing out new shares and re-investing the profit. The short term source of finance can be to increase level of creditors and reducing the stock and debtor levels. External sources of finance in the short-tem funding are short-term debts which are elements of overdrafts, loans, leases that are payable within one year and invoice discounting. Other sources of external finance are long-term which include ordinary shares or equity shares, preference shares, debentures and leases. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL ANALYSIS Capital investment appraisal methods are divided into two: firstly, those which do not take into account the time value of money and lastly, those which take into account the time value of money. METHODS WHICH DO NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) ARR is concerned with either the profit before interest and ta

Two Questions 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Questions 3 - Essay Example Because of his inability to exert proper cost control, Lopez was relieved of his responsibilities in 2008, and Gabriella Garcia became head of Consumer Products Research. Garcia vowed to improve the performance of CPR and scaled back CPR’s development activities to obtain favorable financial performance reports. In terms of profit, Garcia did a better job than Lopez as a result of scaling back the project development. When profits are low and management is looking to cut costs, spending significant amounts of money on research and development is not the appropriate tactic. R&D is expensive and, as the timeline of two years from project initiation to implementation under Lopez demonstrates, there is no return on investment reflected in the financial statements until well after the products are brought to market. During times of low profit margins, development has to be scaled along with cost initiatives to keep management and investors satisfied. Even though Lopez developed good ideas, his efforts at cost control failed because there was no actual cost cutting and no immediate impact on revenues. While it could be argued that, given enough time, Lopez’s management would have yielded greater profits at lower costs. Management’s focus on profitability, however, precluded the comp any’s ability to focus on R&D to the extent that Lopez intended. Garcia, however, reduced—but did not eliminate—development while simultaneously focusing on cutting the costs related to current market offerings. This had an immediate impact on the company’s profitability and management was no-doubt pleased with the results. The issue here was time. It does take time to develop innovative products and bring them to market. This effort, however, cannot be the sole focus unless the company is currently in a strong financial position and can absorb the R&D costs until the new products are in place. Simply stated, the company could not afford

Coming of Age in New Jersey by Michael Moffat Essay Example for Free

Coming of Age in New Jersey by Michael Moffat Essay Michael Moffat studied the life of college students in a co-ed dormitory living environment at Rutgers University in the late 1970’s and mid 1980’s. His book, Coming of Age in New Jersey: College and American Culture draw on writings of actual students and provide detailed accounts of the sexual histories and activities of both male and female students living in the dorm. He writes what he learned as an actual resident living with the students who understood that he was researching their habits and experiences. He lived with them and studies them as an anthropologist would. The book focuses largely on sexual life of students but also touches upon race, work ethic, gender and community living. It seems that all of these issues are related and Moffat is able to tie much of the actions and attitudes together. A common theme throughout the book is that the life of college students is not quite as wild and sex filled as society in general might assume. In fact, the experience may be less wild that the prospective students themselves expected. This was likely a relief to many of them and in fact, is likely that the family values and morals that they brought to college with them were responsible for the reality of life in the dorms. It seems that new college students do not leave all of their past experiences of knowledge at home when the come to college. They apparently have learned and formed opinions and come with a set of expectation for acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. The book also discusses the difference between expectations of general college living and the actual experience. The societal expectation or assumptions of student life, and what actually occurs is discussed. Relating the sexual activity and romantic relationship to student’s morals and prior learning is interesting. While some of the stories are disturbing, many of them lead one to believe that children actually do listen to and learn from their parents. The morals and beliefs of home follow these students to the college dorm.   Moffat notes the difference between living in a dormitory like environment such as an apartment or even boarding home, and living in a college dorm. In the college dorm there is an expected sense of community and commradery and the university does much to encourage the friendships and support that this living arrangement offers. Adolescents are transitioning from home to the life of an independent adult and the community living is meant to offer a degree of supervision and support. The effects of this arrangement on the actual experiences of students in interesting to the reader. Chapters 5 6 are titled â€Å"Sex† and â€Å"Sex in College† respectively. These chapters provide the details on the relationships and sexual experiences and habits of the students. Moffat found that students fell into several groups including those who were involved with more conservative and traditional monogamous, heterosexual relationships that involved love and affection. This was the largest group. Others fell in to the groups of experiments and those having some casual relationships that involved sex. This group, for the most part included those who arrived at college more experienced sexually.   Moffat grouped the students into several distinct types in terms of sexual activity. These included; neotraditional, romantic, experimental, radical, liberal and the nonheterosexual population. He was clear to note however, that every student or pair of students involved with a relationship were different, with their own set of idiosyncrasies. Most however, were interested in committed, consensual, heterosexual relationships. Orgies, no matter what the movies and pop culture may imply, were not at all the norm on the college campus. E also found that for most students, their schedule was o busy and the conflicting schedules of their partner or potential partners made sex a rarity for many. Roommates and social issues of community issue further hampered the free love environment one might have expected. The students that reported experimenting with locations such as outside or in classrooms, the library or on the bus seemed driven as much by the lack of privacy as by the desire to be an exhibitionist. The book note that the 1980’s came with the ability to easily prevent pregnancy with the availability of birth control so sex could be enjoyed more freely than in the past. Still, traditional values and the need for committed relationships held out. The fact that the college dorm was set up like a pseudo family, seems to have resulted in some degree of modesty and restraint. Moffat talks about how students would surely not walk around naked or provocatively in front of each other on the floor openly. Students or dorm mates related to each other to at least some degree, as they would act around siblings and family members in general. Those who did dare to walk to the shower wearing only a towel, for example were made fun of and the comments made were much like the comments one would make to a sibling. These relationship similarity likely resulted n some curbing of the sexual behavior at least among floor mates. Moffat’s book reports the facts and shows data and bell curves and comparisons from the 1970’s to the 1980’s. He does not draw a lot of conclusions or cause and effect relationships. That is left for the reader to do if he wishes. The book does seem to indicate that college students are more focused and serious than movies such as Animal House would have one believe. Unfortunately, this book does not address at all the realities of the effects of drugs and alcohol use on college campuses. Living with the students, Moffat did not want to report on issues of substance abuse as he was concerned about the openness of his subjects if they felt that he was potentially a â€Å"narc†. This dimension however is so important to the living experiences of college students that a glaring hole is the result. Anyone familiar with college living will notice the missing piece of information, particularly for those who lived in college dorms during the 19070’s and 1980’s when drug and alcohol use was so much less regulated than it is today The relationship between substance use and sexual activity would have been interesting to note. The issue of traumatic sexual experiences and events linked to alcohol use would likely have been linked. A study today of sexuality on campus, looking at he issue of substance abuse as well as the increased awareness of sexually transmitted diseases would be very interesting to compare to Moffat’s original study.   One would expect that the outcome would be similar to the original study in terms of understanding the relationships between values, morals, family environments and sexuality.

Calculating Blood Components of Cholesterol Research Design

Calculating Blood Components of Cholesterol Research Design Good health is absolutely important to a human being and to remain healthy people need to check their blood level parameters. Cholesterol is a very important constituent of over100 constituents in human blood. It is important to develop an instrument wherein blood parameters can be calculated which will be non-invasive, user friendly, portable and reliable. The thesis explains the designing and making of an instrumentation setup to calculate the blood constituents. It comprises of the study of samples made in the laboratory according to the various constituents present in whole blood in the RF range of 10MHz-4000MHz. The data is later fed to a regression analysis matrix which can be programmed in VLSI chips such as Altera FPGA in order to calculate the constituent concentration. This thesis is proposed to contain 6 chapters with proposed chapters as given below Chapter I (Introduction) This chapter includes the introduction to the thesis, health and diseases, overview of cholesterol, types of cholesterol, role of cholesterol in humans, the various diseases due to high cholesterol, the worldwide scenario, the testing of cholesterol blood test range of different constituents. Total mental, physical social wellness is a condition of health as well as the presence of infirmities or diseases.[1][2][3] Good health is often marred by diseases and illnesses which are sometimes incurable.[4][5] The most dreaded diseases include Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD) and Strokes due to high Cholesterol. About 7,000,000 persons die of heart disorders annually in the world, of which 2,400,000 are Indians. Strokes are the next principal source of death at 6,200,000 of which 1,600,000 are Indians. Cholesterol is important for normal body functioning, which appears to be a fat-like material which is waxy in nature. It is used in making of hormones and for cellular functions. The Total Cholesterol (TC) in the blood consists of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides. The cholesterol obstructs the arteries when it amasses in the body resulting in the limitation of blood flow. It could be tested invasively by visiting a doctor extracting the blood using a needle syringe technique. Since this procedure is painful, it develops a fear among the patients could also be infection prone. Non-invasive methods are easier to use in one’s home. Instant report could be attained therefore non-invasive technique is gaining a lot of importance as the electronics industry now offers many smart sensors. Blood has many constituents and it depends on aspects such as age, diet, state of health and other particulars.[6][7][8] The chief blood components are Cholesterol, NaCl, Glucose, Urea, Lactate Alanine. There are quite a few number ways to compute blood cholesterol in humans, invasive non-invasive. They can be categorised into chemical tests and physical tests. The significant ones are based on Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy (PAS), Stimulated Emission spectroscopy, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy (TES), Optical absorption spectroscopy, Liquid Chromatography method, Chemical Method, Ultracentrifugation, Electrophoresis and Impedance measurement. The important techniques together with their working principles and the merits demerits are discussed below. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): The principle of NIRS is that constituents absorb Infrared light at their characteristic wavelength. The absorption level is comparative to the constituents present. Hence the contents present can be predicted. It uses a physical rather than a chemical technique. It is rather sensitive to calibration errors, but probes for non-invasive measurement are not available. However, new spectroscopic methods are now available with IR optical fiber for guiding the light to the tissue. Chemical Method: In order to determine plasma cholesterol, the chemical procedure of Abell-Kendall is done which comprises of the Liebermann-Burchardt response after hydrolysis and eradication of cholesterol. Plasma cholesterol triglyceride content determinations are usually examined by computerized techniques at clinical research facilities. Default values for plasma TC are achieved using autoanalyzer frameworks to which either the Liebermann-Burchardt test or the ferric chloride–sulfuric acid technique could be applied. A fluorometric investigation is utilized to decide the triglyceride reference values. Basic plasma estimations of triglycerides and TC can be relied on for the analysis of the diverse lipoprotein issues. It is an invasive method and there is wastage of chemicals in testing. Chromatography: Chromatography techniques can be sorted out into 2 categories, i.e. Gas chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography(LC). GC is a typical kind of chromatography utilized scientifically for dividing and analyzing constituents that can be vaporized without decay. GC is used to test the purity of a specific substance, or segregating the distinctive parts of a mixture. In High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), a mobile phase comprises of either polar or non polar solvents. The specimen is constrained by a fluid at a huge pressure through a section that is filled with a stationary phase for the most part made out of sporadically or roundly formed particles picked or derivatized to achieve specific sorts of separations. Chromatography has low uncertainty, high precision, high accuracy and good linearity but it is expensive and not portable. Impedance Measurement: An Impedance Plethysmograph framework is made up of a V-I converter and a sine generator. Passing current into a body section is done with the assistance of two current electrodes. The current path which produces the voltage signal is sensed with the assistance of an alternate pair of voltage electrodes.[9][10] The impedance is correlated to the amplitude of the signal. Impedance qualities measured at a series of frequencies or at a few distinct frequencies may aid in clarifying the differences in body composition more accurately than impedance estimation at a specific frequency.[11][12] Chapter II (Objectives Literature Review) Mas S. Mohktar et al recommended a method to estimate the cholesterol level in blood utilizing neural network bioimpedance techniques non-invasively. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) estimation was executed utilizing the bio impedance analyzer, Biodynamic Model 450. A current signal [13] E. Aristovich et al recommended a non-invasive impedance technique estimation of blood cholesterol by 3D finite field modelling. This process supports the variation of calculating impedance over a conducting medium since the concentration of particles is altered. To calculate impedance, the current is computed between 2 electrodes throughout the conducting media created by the electric field distribution. It is obtained by computing modelling 3D electric fields for known voltages connected between the electrodes utilizing Finite Element Method (FEM). The intricacy of FE models is accredited to particle distribution, the material geometrical parameters, and the size shape that can be of several orders of degrees lesser as when compared to the general problem domain under investigation. The paper prevails over the setback by implementing a useful particle aggregation technique in FE modelling exclusively influencing the accurateness of the field calculation. [14] J. Nystrà ¶m et al proposed to study a set of 34 men with various degrees of diabetic levels, including Multi Frequency (MF) BIA and skin changes by NIR. A fiber-optic probe to measure skin reflectance spectra was used on 4 sites. A joint multivariate analysis was carried out on the spectral range of 400-2500nm, using a lead sulphide detector (1100nm-2500nm) and a silicon detector (400nm-1100nm). NIR method can recognize skin conditions identified with diabetes. The 2 procedures combined together can offer a higher possibility for discrimination classification of skin condition with exact classification rising from 63% to 85%. [15] K. Cheng et al proposed to design a current source which includes a voltage controlled current source (VCCS), a microcontroller (uC) and a waveform generator (WG). The uC is made use of to program the WG to produce a sine voltage signal from 100 Hz 100 kHz. The VCCS based Howland current pump converts the signal to current. The total harmonic distortions of the o/p current are 0.25% at 1 kHz 0.40% at 100 kHz for the load resistance of 1 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. The output currents phase difference varies from 0 ° to 19.6 ° over the above mentioned frequency range. The proposed multi-frequency BI measuring system provides an inexpensive solution for BI applications. During system testing, the output current signal is constant. Hiroshi Shiigi Hiroaki Matsumoto et al proposed a simple non-invasive technique to measure cholesterol by using a solvent to extract the skin component. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) sensor and a HPLC were utilized to analyze the extracted solution. The SAM electrode having an excellent responsiveness sensitivity, attributed to its strong attraction towards hydrophobic cholesterol. Higher cholesterol was shown by the person with high cholesterol of the skin. The coefficient of correlation of non-invasive invasive method was 0.9408, hence this method could be used practically.[17] M.V. Malahov et al recommended to recognize hematological biochemical blood parameters that can be precisely estimated by means of BI technique. Samples of blood from 46 people were poured into four test tubes. Blood (2.5ml) was put in test tubes with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for hematological investigation, next blood (3ml) was collected in tubes having heparin for BIA, later blood (2ml) was collected in tubes having sodium citrate for fibrinogen estimation and finally blood (4ml) was collected into unfilled tubes for biochemical serum examination. BIA analyzer à Ã‚ BC-01 Medass was utilized to perform BI spectroscopy of blood (1.5ml) from 5–500 kHz. Results show that the principle extracellular plasma particles: Na+ Cl concentrations are not related to extracellular fluid resistance of the blood. [18] Objectives The objective of the research is to design and develop an easy method to measure the level of cholesterol. The work envisages a development of an instrumentation using advanced microelectronics circuits, which is programmable and having interpretation mechanism to enable a common man to know his level of cholesterol. It is proposed to use multivariate system approach to enhance cholesterol signature in DSP domain. Chapter III (Methodology and Instrumentation) This chapter gives elaborate details on the preparation of samples, designing of cell, experimental setup and the instruments used. Human blood consists of many constituents; the major ones are Cholesterol (225mg/dL), Glucose (70-110mg/dL), Urea (10-20mg/dL), Lactate (10-15mg/dL) and Alanine (10-20mg/dL). Experiments are conducted with the above constituents. Samples are prepared using 14 mL distilled water, 1mL alcohol and the above constituents in varied concentrations. The average concentration is denoted as ‘1’, half the average is denoted as ‘0.5’ and approximately ‘0.75’ to ‘1.25’ is the actual range of blood components. The experiments are conducted with various concentrations as well, which are over the standard range for extreme cases, are denoted as 1.5, 1.75 2, 2.25 3. A cell was designed which was rectangular in shape having dimensions 12.5cms x 1cm x 2cms. The cell was used to measure RF response of various blood constituents. The cell was lined with a thin Cu foil and a copper wire was connected to 2 connectors which were placed on extreme ends of the cell. The external radiations were reduced by placing the cell in an iron box which was earthed. This forms the dielectric loss cell. The cell was then connected via RF cables to the tracking generator and signal analyzer. The entire setup was secured firmly avoid mechanical movements. Experiments were carried out using the slow sweep and the fast sweep. The experiment was conducted after an hour and 24 hours to verify the accurateness of the results. In comparison to the initial results, these were precise. The tracking generator used is Signal Hound USB-TG44A which ranges from 10 Hz 4400 MHz and the signal analyzer used is Signal Hound USB-SA44B which ranges from 1 Hz 4400 MHz. A separate power supply is not essential as it is fed from the USB cable. The tracking generator and signal analyzer are approximately 8† long, light in weight and could be used practically anywhere. Chapter IV (FPGA for Non-Invasive Cholesterol Measurement) Software and hardware components operating together to perform a definite application is called Embedded Systems. The hardware platform comprises of an i/p device, an o/p display, a microcontroller (uC) / microprocessor (uP), application software and an onboard memory. Designing embedded systems is getting more complicated nowadays due to the stiff restraints on power consumption, performance, size area usage. Hence, the software/hardware co-design procedure is utilized to plan embedded systems to decrease the measure of time used on debugging development. uPs whose behaviour architecture are completely described utilizing a subset of an Hardware Description Language (HDL) are called soft-core processors. They can be synthesized for any Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Application Specific Intergrated Circuit (ASIC) technology; hence they supply designers with much flexibility. A platform for combining multiple design functions into a package or a group of packages is provided by an FPGA device. Incorporation of functionality results in reduced power higher performances. Design combination can be accomplished by integrating soft or hard processor cores in an FPGA to execute processing functionality and required control. The capability to incorporate design functionality and system-level components can reduce schedule, cost and risk. Nios II Altera Organization Altera Organization is a top seller of FPGAs and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). They proffer the Cyclone, Stratix and Stratix II groups of FPGAs and are extensively utilized in DSP applications and design of embedded systems. Nios II Processor being a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor depicts Harvard memory architecture. The various features of this processor are single-instruction 3232 divide and multiply operations, instructions for 128-bit 64-bit multiplication, 32-bit Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) 32 general purpose registers. Chapter V (Multivariate Data Analysis) This chapter describes the multivariate data analysis, Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR), the different algorithms, i.e. Non-linear Iterative PArtial Least Square (NIPALS) and SIMple Partial Least Square (SIMPLS), the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms, the ParLes software which is priority software developed for research applications, used for calculating unknown constituents. Nowadays several factors add to numerous problems which are multivariate. Multivariate analysis is a tool to obtain relationships and patterns amongst several variables concurrently. It can predict how an alteration in one variable affects other variables. It is very graphical which allows an analyst to observe the inner or unknown structure of big data sets and to visually recognize the factors which influence the outcome. PLSR is a bilinear form of technique where information in x data is assigned onto a small amount of latent variables known as PLSR components. The y data that are used in predicting the underlying variables to guarantee the first components are those that are most applicable for calculating the y variables. The relationship betweenxandydata is simplified as it is focussed on the minimum probable number of constituents. Chapter VI (Results Conclusions) This chapter includes the results and conclusions and the future direction of research. The multi-frequency BI spectrum was modelled through curve-fitting and multivariate statistical applications to extend parameters to predict body constituents like Cholesterol, Glucose, Salt, Urea, Alanine Lactate. The various components were mixed in different ways and some were used in the calibration file and the rest were treated as unknown. The spectra of cholesterol in different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2 3 in the RF range of 10MHz to 4GHz was shown in Fig. 1. The cholesterol shows a good variation only in certain regions at specific frequencies (575 MHz, 995 MHz, 1145 MHz, 1285 MHz 2185 MHz) and one of them i.e. 575 MHz is shown in an expanded form in Fig. 2. The data obtained from the graph is then used in a calibration set to determine the unknown constituents presents in the blood. When the calibration set has more than 20 samples, it shows that it has less error. Since the spectra of every blood constituent are unique, the data of the spectra is fed to a ParLes software to get out unknown values of blood constituents. Table I gives the actual concentration of blood constituents in the experiment. Unknown concentration of cholesterol and known concentration of others were fed to a multivariate system. Table II shows the results of predicted values of cholesterol which are 43.75mg and 48.75mg whereas the actual values of cholesterol are 42.5mg and 51mg respectively. The results attained are within +/- 5% of the actual content in the sample are within the limits of the percentage error defined by WHO.

Death, Decay and Disease in Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Death, Decay and Disease in Hamlet Within ‘Hamlet’, Shakespeare makes a number of references to Denmark's degraded state due to the deceit that lies within. These references are made by Hamlet, Horatio as well as the apparition, thus enforcing the strong theme of death, decay and disease. As aforementioned Hamlets makes a number of references to Denmark. Preceding the death of his father and the marriage of his mother, his mental state begins to fall into demise . Although he appears to not have much courage at first, his focus remains on avenging his father whose murder is described as being "most foul." As noted in one of Hamlet's first soliloquies, his downward spiral has already began and already he is contemplating suicide; "O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew (I, II, 130)" and "seems to me all the uses of this world... Things rank and gross in nature posses it merely (I, II, 136)." To be degrading to be thinking of imagery including flesh melting shows that Hamlet is not in the state that he ought to be in. Furthermore Shakespeare encourages us to empathize with these emotions by using such rich descriptions. It could be perhaps argued that Hamlet's state of mind which has become debased, but this is until Horatio claims, "Something is rotten in the state of Denmark (I, IV, 90)." The notion of festering carrion being a metaphor for King Hamlets death epitomizes this notion. The ghost furthers this idea by stating at the moment of his death, his skin became "Most lazar-like with vile and loathsome crust all my smooth body (I, V, 72)." This attempts the elucidate on the feeling of death almost like becoming like a leper before death finally takes its toll. Decay also becomes a strong theme weighing heavily on Hamlet's mind. Whilst talking to Polonius he says, "For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion (II, II, 182)." Although Polonius' appears not to notice this, we can see the constant references to death being made by Shakespeare’s tools, i.e. the characters. Moreover associated with Shakespeare's use of decay and disease imagery is his use of horror, "Roasted in wrath and fire thus o'ersized with coagulate gore (II, II, 431)," is a perfect example of this.

THE LOST SHEEP, LOST COIN AND LOST SON Essay -- essays research papers

During Jesus’ life he was teaching in many different ways one of them was telling the parables. Parable is an earthly story with the heavenly meaning. That means that Jesus was making up a story in which there would be a real people, working of doing something that was common at that times. Sometimes he used the values whether material or spiritual, that were valuable in old times. So he was making everything to make the story look more realistic. But under the close of the poor man or woman and under the animal or a subject there was always something mach more complicated, something about his father, himself, and the people that were following the God or not. Jesus was telling the parable pretty often, usually the audience was tax collectors and the â€Å"lost† people that were passing by and stopped to listen Jesus’ stories. He told so many of them, but I think that the most important parables are about The Lost Sheep, Lost Coin and Lost Son. Because, that are the parables where he shows that God Loves the Sinners. Those parables can be read only in Luke. The Lost Sheep and Lost Coin are almost certainly thematically related, along with the parable of The Lost Son, which follows them. Many people are thinking that The Lost Sheep and Lost Coin are actually a double parable. The Russian Bible proves it. In it those parables are written under the same heading. Luke places these parables as an address to both tax collectors and sinners, and Pharisees and teachers of the law who were grumbling about Jesus’ association with those sinners. Thus, the parable becomes a response to the Pharisees’ charges as well as an announcement of the joy of finding the lost. â€Å"Joachim Jeremias includes the parable of the lost coin as an "apologetic parable," or a defense against the critics of Jesus.†1 So the parables of the lost sheep and lost coin are an apology, or defense, to Jesus’ critics, the Pharisees. At the same time, they are a proclamation of the good news to those who are lost. Reading of the parable is not as easy as it looks at first. Jesus spoke to the people in such a way that they would not understand. He explained what He was saying to only a few, who themselves had difficulty grasping it and sometimes denied it outright. There are a lot of ways to understand or, it is better to say interpret, the parables of Jesus one way an... ...) hi gave him the spiritual resurrection and gave back the power that the son had before. God's love for us is past understanding. When some people â€Å"did not welcome Jesus, James and John asked Jesus, â€Å"Lord, do you want us to call fire down from heaven to destroy them?†12†13. Jesus then rebuked them. Jesus came to save sinners, not to destroy them. Heavenly Father loves the lost so much that he gave his most valuable treasure--his Son--to die for the lost. Jesus loves the lost so much that he willingly died for the lost. The main idea off those parables is that we must love the sinner as Jesus and his father did. We must not react to abuse, with more abuse. We must act when abused, with love and need to be very careful not â€Å"to become a stumbling stone for the lost. Rather, we need to become a stepping stone for the lost to reach Christ†14. That is only a part of what parables tell us. It also tells us not to have judgmental attitude towards the lost. Like the oldest son had towards the youngest. The parable tells to demonstrate our love for sinners by bringing them to the Savior. Like Jesus did as he came to save the lost. So the main Point in those parables is GOD LOVES SINNERS.

The economics problems that result from allowing vehicles to use roads in towns and cities free of charge

Allowing vehicles to use roads free of charge in towns and cities means that motorists do not have to pay when they enter or leave towns of cities. An example of charging is road pricing. The first major problem that will be caused from allowing people to use their vehicles free of charge is people will more than likely only consider his or her marginal cost (change in total cost when extra distance is travelled) of the journey they are making. Having no charge is likely to mean that people will find it cheaper to travel a short distance by car than to use public transport. Because of this and the fact that cars are usually more convenient and more comfortable, more people are going to use their cars in cities and towns. This means that that marginal social costs are going to be greater then marginal private costs, meaning negative externalities are gong to exists. The negative externalities that may be caused if it is free to use towns and cities free of charge are as follows. Probably the most significant is pollution. Heavy traffic flow in the towns and cities is going to cause heavy emissions such as carbon monoxide to be given off. This may lead to more people being diagnosed with asthma or more people having to use doctors and hospitals because of breathing difficulties due to the pollution from the cars. This puts and extra strain on the health services in the towns and cities and means that they will probably require more money from the government to help these people. If this is happening in several towns and cities, the government may have to increase taxes so they can pay for the extra health services required due to the pollution. This would be hugely unpopular with the people. The government may not have to raise taxes by a large amount; they may enforce tax cut incentives if people use low emission cars and marginally raise car ta xes on cars that give off a lot of emissions. This may be more popular but it also may place an extra burden on poorer people who can't afford to buy newer ‘cleaner' cars. Also read this  Cheating in a Bottom Line Economy A second externality that will lead to economic problems are if there are more cars on the road in towns and cities due to it being free to use the roads, then it can be argued it is more likely for people that there will be more road accidents. If this is the case then it is more than likely that insurance premiums will have to go up because of the compensation the insurance companies are paying out. If the insurance premiums go up by a substantial amount then I could have the affect of increasing cost for businesses. This could be a real extra burden for small businesses and for poorer people who have to use their cars to get to and from work. A third problem that may be caused if roads in towns and cities are free to use is that of a gridlock at peak times. This causes the negative externalities of people having longer journey times, which may affect businesses and people getting to work. This can add to the problems of pollution because people may be stuck in the traffic jams for a long period with their engines switched on. Businesses such as courier firms may be really affected because they have do their deliveries in the quickest time possible, and so if they are constantly being slowed up my excess traffic their customers may look for different methods to transport their products. However it is unlikely to affect businesses too much because gridlocks and real heavy traffic only really occurs during peak times, but it is still likely to have an effect on pollution. Governments would want to reduce the use of cars in urban areas to the extent at which marginal social costs equal marginal social benefits. If left to the market as showed below in the diagram, people would use their cars to the point where marginal social benefits equal marginal private costs. To make MSC equal MSB the road users would have to bear the cost of internalising the externalities. On the diagram this is shown by the line in red. The first policy that a government could adopt is that of road pricing. This means that vehicle owners would have to pay to use the roads in urban areas. This could be in the form of motorists purchasing a licence which could be displayed in there windows and then policed by traffic wardens. The other way and possibly more effective solution is an electronic system. This could be in the form where cars are fitted with electronic devices which would be activated by beacons that are places as you enter the towns or cities. You could be sent a bill monthly. The first problem road pricing is setting a price that would actually reduce the use of cars in urban areas. The price elasticity of car journeys is hugely inelastic. This has been proved in terms of taxes. Motorists are very heavily taxed mainly through petrol. For every pound spent on fuel for cars, around 80p of it is tax. This is a huge amount and shows that people are willing to pay high prices in order to use their cars. So for road pricing to be affective and reduce Q to Qx the road price would have to be relatively high. However having a very high road price could affect the people who really need to use their cars in urban places the worst. If road users are using their cars for work, they are more than likely to pass the cost of the road price on to their employers. This will increase the costs to firms and if they have a lot of employees which they have to pay for it could cause them to have to raise their prices, this makes not only the businesses worse off but the general public. However to the extent that firms have to increase their prices by, depends on how big the firms are and how many workers they who they have to pay their road costs for. More than likely it would be the smaller firms who see themselves having to put their prices up. Road pricing would provide a substantial amount of revenue for the governments, how ever would probably we a large initial outlay install the technology and it may also be expensive to maintain. However once up and running the revenues gained from the road pricing could be used to improve the public transport in the urban areas. Road pricing does come with further problems, to stop large traffic movements in off peak times a tear system of payment would have to be used whereby you pay the most at peak time, then either side of peak time you pay a slightly lower figure and so on. This would only be effective if the system was completely electronic. There is also the argument of equity. The government would have to try and decide whether to charge people who live in the areas and if they do, it could cause huge resentment towards the government. A second policy which the government may adopt is that of taxing car parking spaces in the urban areas. This was proposed in 1998 by the government. Taxing car parking spaces would involve all spaces in the cities and towns and also spaces provided by firms for employees and customers being taxed. The goal of this is to discourage people and employees bringing their cars into urban areas. Again the problem of taxing the spaces is that the prices would have to be   extremely high in order to discourage, because the price elasticity of demand of peoples journeys in cars is so inelastic. The high taxes on the car parking spaces would further add to the cost of businesses, especially those who have to have car parks. The high taxes could cause firms to have to raise their prices or if they couldn't do that, they may have to lay workers off. Also if firms are bearing the costs of the taxes it is unlikely that workers would car and so still use their cars. It would then be down to the firms to enforce workers not bringing their cars to work. Taxing car parking spaces could encourage firms to move out of the urban areas and out increased pressure on the controversial development of the countryside. For both policies the government would almost certainly have to improve public transport, this would have to be done before the new policies could be used. This means that a huge amount of money would have to be used to pay for the improvements without having any additional revenues coming in. The successfulness of these policies in both cases depends on getting either the road price and taxes at a high enough level to discourage people and firms using their cars. Too low will mean that it will basically have no affect on traffic in urban areas and so the cost of setting it all up would have been a waste of money but also set too high it could have a huge consequence for firms and especially on small businesses.